The Roma Problems and the Causes of Racism

The Roma’s origins were for a long time both a mystery and an excuse for their marginalization and mistreatment. Today they are generally accepted to have originated in the Indian subcontinent, based on linguistic and genetic evidence 1. The resulting history of their contact with Europeans is almost uniformly negative.Advertising We will write a custom research paper sample on The Roma Problems and the Causes of Racism specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More In most communities today, the Roma survive in a persistent condition of poverty that resists many of the usual strategies for addressing social ills. This, at least to some degree, arises from the complex, confused, and often conflicting ways they are regarded and regard themselves. They have never been seen as full-fledged members of the communities in which they reside, despite having, in some cases, lived there for centuries. They have in many cases not regarded themselve s as members of the communities where they reside, retaining their Roma identity as their primary identity2. Of these, none necessarily are congruent with the self-definition of identity of the Roma’s neighbors, who consider themselves â€Å"native† to a region or nation. The view that the â€Å"self-identified† natives hold of the Roma has been consistently pejorative over the millennium during which they have been in contact with Europeans. It is not difficult to understand why. Differences in language, religious traditions, skin color, and customs, and a nomadic way of life all contributed to the Roma’s appearance of ‘otherness’. Added to these disturbing features has been the threatening nature of the internal â€Å"code† attributed to the Roma.3 Is it any wonder that the insular, superstitious, monolithically Catholic or Orthodox communities of Europe and Eastern Europe, eager to recapture the civil order and peace of the golden a ge of the Roman Empire 4 have unfortunately regarded the â€Å"the Roma as a kind of natural disaster from which they must protect themselves†? Their response was to exclude, marginalize, isolate, exploit, or attempt to annihilate the Roma. There seems to have been a brief remission in practical economic discrimination during the Soviet’s state-controlled universal employment. When this ended, the Roma were first fired, and ancient bigotries re-emerged. Today, measures from a de facto withholding of medical treatment from anyone without proper papers , to a literal wall, attempt to keep the Roma separate from non-Roma. While the non-Roma often can point to specific behaviors or characteristics that they attribute to the Roma which would make them undesirable neighbors, the response of the non-Roma is so powerful and pervasive that another set of reasons needs to be invoked to explain it.Advertising Looking for research paper on geography? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More This may be the human aversion to the ‘Other’. In many human societies, there is a duality: us versus them, family versus non-family, people one marries versus people one fights with, tribe versus enemy, native versus foreign-born, and many other possible alternatives. In Bauman’s formulation, the â€Å"Other’ in the modern state is anyone that is ambiguous, or self-defining, or resisting the definition imposed by the state, and who fits in neither the category of friend or of foe . Such individuals or groups occupy a mental space that makes people feel uncomfortable, queasy, and uncertain. They are neither one thing nor another, and resist categorization, therefore they defy expectations. The Roma are a quintessentially self-defining group, who in many respects fulfill this formulation of the ‘Other’. Consider: They come from elsewhere, but have done so, in many cases, so long ago th at the arrival is a forgotten event, and yet they remain visibly ‘not from here’. They have resisted the usual routes of assimilation into a host population. For example, they have intermarried to some extent, but only with great resistance and disapproval by their own community. They have in some cases elected not to remain in one place, even when this was legal, and on the other hand, they have settled in places where they have no rights of tenure. All these characteristics, and more, are in conflict with the modern state, according to Bauman. The state in modern times can be construed to be organized specifically to â€Å"eliminate ambivalence† . The Roma are the ultimate ambivalent group: to move or stay, to work or to receive the dole, for example. Thus, both individuals and communities, as well as the government, have bases for ambiguous attitudes towards the Roma, as the ‘Other’. Then, there is the mythology of the Roma as criminal. 19th centu ry pseudo-science, such as phrenology, suggested that they were inevitably and uniformly liable to engage in criminal behavior. On the other hand as Goodwin notes, the experience of the criminal justice system itself can cause people to become criminal in their behavior . It is also possible that attitudes towards the Roma become self-fulfilling. Because the Roma lack an effective transnational cultural identity that can rally them to advocate for themselves, they face particular challenges. The issue of space and location is particularly important for them. Unlike more recent refugee populations, they have nowhere to return to, not even symbolically, and no welcoming organizations to care for them in Europe.Advertising We will write a custom research paper sample on The Roma Problems and the Causes of Racism specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More They have chosen and/or been forced to occupy spaces historically external to communities , but which acquire visibility and value over time, causing conflict over use and control. Because they have been labeled as transient (even after centuries of residence), ownership of their homes has been unresolved, leading to every sort of problem of infrastructure, transfer of deed, risk of eviction, and other such issues. Roma families often appear to be excluding themselves from what would seem to be helpful resources such as, to take just one example, school. This may reflect complex concerns, for example, that schools impose local, non-Roma norms on their kids, and risk deracinating the Roma tradition5. This has a knock-on effect on employment readiness, and reinforces local reluctance to hire Roma. Whenever Roma activities intersect with non-Romas’ lives, the response is to exclude; socially, legally, physically. The celebration of diversity by European communities seems honored only by exception and in isolation rather than reflexively or consistently throughout soc iety. These case studies highlight the complexity of addressing Roma problems and the causes, which lie in racism and ethnic bigotry, as well as insularity. â€Å"No 6 Segregation of Romani Communities† addresses land tenure issues, and a wall built to keep Roma out. â€Å"Urban Planning and the Delimitation of Diversity† describes an attempt to incorporate the differences of the Roma into a positive image of a diverse neighborhood. â€Å"Locating ‘The Gypsy Problem’† discusses the problems with political voice that the Roma camps create for the Roma themselves. Works Cited Bauman, Zygmunt. â€Å"Modernity and Ambivalence.† Theory Culture Society 7.143 (1990 ). Web. http://tcs.sagepub.com/content/7/2/143. Bilefsky, Dan. â€Å"Walls, Real and Imagined, Surround the Roma.† New York Times (April). Web. http://www.nytimes.com/2010/04/03/world/europe/03roma.html?_r=1. Drangsland, Kari Anne Klovholt and Hà ¥vard Haarstad. â€Å"Urban Pla nning and the Delimitation: Roma as ‘In Place’ and ‘Out of Place’ in Jungbusch, Mannheim.† International Planning Studies, 14.2 (2009): 14:2, 125-140. Web. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/13563470903021159.Advertising Looking for research paper on geography? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More European Roma Rights Centre. â€Å"Standards Do Not Apply: Report of the European Roma Rights Centre: Inadequate Housing in Romani Communities.† December 2012. ERRC. Web. Goodwin, George. Criminal man. New York: G. Brazille, 1957. Web. Gresham, David, et al. â€Å"Origins and Divergence of the Roma (Gypsies).† American Journal Human Genetics 2001: 1314–1331. Web. http://hpgl.stanford.edu/publications/AJHG_2001_v69_p1314-1331.pdf. Heinschink, Mozes F. and Michael Teichmann. â€Å"Taboo and shame (ladÃ… ¾) in Roma communities.† 2012. ROMBASE. Web. http://ling.uni-graz.at/~rombase/cgi-bin/art.cgi?src=data/ethn/belief/ladz.en.xml. Kemà ©ny, Istvà ¡n and Bà ©la Janky. â€Å"HISTORY OF ROMA IN HUNGARY.† Social Science Monographs. Ed. Istvà ¡n Kemà ©ny. Boulder: Columbia University Press, 2012. Web. http://www.mtaki.hu/docs/kemeny_istvan_ed_roma_of_hungary/istvan_kemeny_history_of_roma_in_hungary.pdf. Mondavi Center. â€Å"Gypsy Spirit: Journey of the Roma.† 2004. UC Davis. Web. http://mondavi.ucdavis.edu/education/education_pdfs/gypsyspirit_cuesheet.pdf. Oprea, Alexandra. Child Marriage a Cultural Problem, Educational Access a Race Issue? Deconstructing Uni-Dimensional Understanding of Romani Oppression. 2005. Web. http://www.errc.org/cikk.php?cikk=2295archiv=1. Sigona, Nando. â€Å"Locating ‘The Gypsy Problem’. The Roma in Italy: Stereotyping, Labelling and ‘Nomad Camps’.† Journal of Ethnic and Migration Studies 31.4 (2005): 741-756. Web. http://www.euc.illinois.edu/eucdw2011/documents/Sigona2005LocatingtheGypsyProblem-TheRomainItaly.pdf. Sikovska, Ljatifa. Breaking the chains of poverty for Roma: Sikovska, Ljatifa – Advocate for Roma rights ECCARO. 2012. Web. http://eeca.unfpa.org/public/cache/offonce/pid/10124;jsessionid=93CFFC71EC526C5CBD27C50467614AB1.jahia01.. Footnotes 1 They began appearing in the Byzantine Empire from the Indian subcontinent in the 1200s, presumab ly having moved to avoid the incursions of Islam. Some, at least, were from groups that were nomadic rather than settled agriculturalists . The movement of Roma from the Balkans into Western Europe was likely accomplished by the 1500s, but their movements were in some areas limited by their enslavement by local feudal landowners. After the practice of enslavement of the Roma was outlawed in Romania at the end of the 19th century, migrations occurred again. Roma moved out of Yugoslavia in the 1960s, and again after the fall of the Berlin wall, when, as a final indignity, their citizenship was revoked or explicitly disallowed in some countries, for example, in Macedonia, due to their not having identity cards. 2 This self-defined identity is composed of, potentially, some combination of the following: their professional occupation, possibly also an affiliation related to the caste that their group was traditionally believed to have belonged to back in India, the geographic region from which they traditionally believed themselves to originate, their degree of Romanipen (or adherence to Roma tradition), their religious affiliation, their language(s), and sometimes lastly, the nation or region in which they reside. 3 This is reputed to include the notion that harming another Roma is nearly unforgiveable, but that harming those outside the Roma community is permitted. However, it is possible that the Roma notion of shame (lads), which applied only to relations within the Roma community, may have been misunderstood to suggest that doing wrong to outsiders was permitted . 4 In fact, some groups of Roma who first appeared in Europe presented letters of safe passage purported to be from the Holy Roman Emperor, Christendom’s answer to the glory that was Rome. 5 Some communities deliberately place Roma children in schools or classes for those with disabilities, even when there is no evidence that they have any such disability . This research paper on The Roma Problems and the Causes of Racism was written and submitted by user Dominic Hill to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

Anxiety Mother and Anxiety Attacks Essay

Anxiety Mother and Anxiety Attacks Essay Anxiety: Mother and Anxiety Attacks Essay I Believe in †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. I cannot believe this, what I am doing, this is just so crazy. After so many years of having and still learning to live with anxiety attacks, how do I put in words to describe how it feels to have one? I simply say to people if I could describe in words how or what I feel, I most definitely would not be suffering from this right now. Unless you have had one you cannot judge a person. I am living proof, and just looking at me you would never know anything was even different. It all started one day back in 1993, there I was a nineteen years old, entering that new place we adults call â€Å"Life† and you older teens call â€Å"Freedom†, as a single teen mother of a two and a half year old little boy, living at home with a overbearing mother and if that wasn’t enough I was about to enter my first year at the local community college, my stress was at a all-time high that I’d ever exhibited in my young life. It all started this one day, a day that seemed just like it was an ordinary Thursday, however, it ended up being a day that I would never forget or be able to change for the rest of my life! I remember it like it was yesterday. I believe this was the second worst day of my existence. It’s going to sound funny where I was of all places on a â€Å"night out† to relax with the girls, where else but at Bingo with 2 of my other â€Å"teen mom† friends. There we are setting up our bingo cards, and BOOM, out of nowhere, my chest starts to tighten, I can’t catch my breathe, my mind starts to race, my palms are all sweaty. I’m thinking to myself. â€Å"What is going on? Am I having a heart attack? Am I dying? I’m only nineteen I’m to young to die; please this cannot be happening. I still have my whole life ahead of me. My son needs me to raise him, I’m just starting college.† I tried to remain calm but that was not happening so I decided to tell my friends that something was wrong with me. They had noticed I wasn’t acting my usual bubbly self, but was not sure what was going on. I tried to explain but that only made it worse. I was so grateful that one of my friends had experience with my illness and knew exactly how to help me, as her sister suffered from the same thing. She told me to try and remain calm while she called my mother to come and get me. When I got home, I continued feeling ill, and to me, I just seemed to be getting sicker by the moment. My mother was being very uncompassionate which was making me feel even more vulnerable to my symptoms. After nearly two hours, I still was not getting any better so I decided it was time to go to the emergency room. When I arrived the doctors were familiar with what I was experiencing, which made me feel a little bit calmer at the time. They gave me some medication to help me with my situat ion and referred me to a doctor that could better help me for future care. When I did end up getting home from the hospital needless to say, it was a very long sleepless night; I could not wait to call the doctors to get help with my new found problem. Seeing as I did not get any sleep I was already wide awake when the office opened and after I explained to them what I had been through the night before they made an emergency appointment for me. I met with a psychologist named Connie Clark she was such a nice lady. I went into detail with her what had entailed the night before, she explained to me that what I went through was not uncommon, and to not feel weird or out of place. A lot of people go through this and considering all that I had going on in my life could be a good reasons why I suddenly starting getting these. People learn to live with them and cope, and then some people let them overcome their life, which one would I be is the question? On that day she prescribed me some medications that would help me cope and keep my mind focused for the ti me and made weekly follow up appointments with her. The next few days were crucial

'Tort Law gives unjustified preference to corrective justice over Essay

'Tort Law gives unjustified preference to corrective justice over distributive justice.' Critically evaluate this statement - Essay Example Some scholars like Coleman (1994) have argued that the nature of the law of torts favors the corrective ends, whereas others like Konow (2003) as well as Wolf and Musselman (1990) argues that there is a need for the law of torts to strike a balance between the distributive and the corrective ends of the law. Not withstanding the foregoing controversial debates, the law of torts tends to lean its balance more towards the corrective end than the distributive ends. Tort Law: Basic Features The term â€Å"tort† is a word that is derived from Latin word â€Å"tortum†, to mean â€Å"injustice â€Å"or wrong. The law of tort therefore proceeds from recognition of the fact that some acts in society may be unjust and therefore needs to be corrected through the law. According to Coleman (1994), a tort may be defined to mean â€Å"a wrongful act that causes injury to a person or property and the law allows for a claim by the injured party to be compensated for damages.† S ome of the generic labels that have been associated with torts include â€Å"breach of duty† although this is just on of the major concepts in the law of torts. The law of tort has no absolute formulas through which questions are resolved. Both the legal scholars and the judiciary have pointed out emphatically the facts that the law of torts is a complex process that is never mechanically applied nor is it static; rather it often depends on circumstances of the case, and that as time elapses, more and more torts get discovered (Blomqiuist [1990]; Koestler V. Pollard [199]); Patel [200]). The tortseeks to reflect the balance the society seeks to strike between competing values. The facts in the case in question determine the right decision. For instance, automobile drivers are made liable to the injuries that they cause as they carry out their duty but only if the injury results from their fault or negligence. On the other hand, manufactures take the liability of the injuries stemming from their defective products, the reasonable care they might have taken not withstanding. Most individual torts require that fault be shown on the defendant’s part. More often, the extent of the defendant’s fault will form the basis of the liability that the defendant bears to the plaintiff. This is the case with torts such as negligence, defamation, nuisance and trespass. However, within the law of torts there are also cases of strict liability torts where the defendant will not be required to prove fault on the part of the defendant; it will suffice for purposes of tortious remedies against the defendant that the plaintiff suffered damage and that the damage was occasioned by an action or omission of the defendant (strict liability torts).Generally, at common law, the strict liability torts are restricted to activities that are hazardous. There is also Liability for Defective Products Act, 1991 which creates strict liabilities on manufacturers with regard s to health sustained by consumers of their products. The principle function of the law of tort is to establish weather there is an offence and if there is to come up with a remedy. At common law, damages are the most widespread remedy. In such a judgment, the defendant is normally required to offer financial compensation to the

Analyse a Firm in the UK or EU Country with Micro and Macro Economics Essay

Analyse a Firm in the UK or EU Country with Micro and Macro Economics and a Recommendations of its Possible Strategies - Essay Example Contrary to wholesale firms, retail companies are required to cater to the needs of a local segment of the population. Accordingly, Tesco has concentrated on strengthening its local operations in the various markets. The company has designated a separate management team for its operations in the different markets. The core retail service business has been adequately supported by financial and information technology services. The firm has utilized its technical expertise and human skill resources from across the word to gain a strong foothold in the respective local markets. This has helped it to emerge as a successful international retail company. (Tesco Plc, 2011). The sales and profit growth of Tesco Plc during 2008-2011 can be observed from the table below: Table: Tesco Plc’s Sales and Profit Growth 2008 2009 2010 2011 Sales Growth of Tesco Group (including VAT) 11.1% 15.1% 6.8% 8.1% Sales Growth of Tesco UK (including VAT) 6.7% 9.5% 4.2% 5.5% International sales Growth (in cluding VAT) 25.3% 30.6% 8.8% 13.7% Profit Before tax 5.7% 4.1% 8.9% 11.3% Underlying Profit Before Tax 11.8% 9.8%s 8.7% 12.3% (Tesco Plc, 2011) Demand, Supply and Price Elasticity of the Retail Business The retail industry faces a strong market demand across the world. Though, consumers can buy necessary commodities at wholesale markets at a much cheaper price, they get ready access to these goods at the nearby stores. Wholesale markets in a particular city are few and far between. On the other hand, retail stores have been established in almost every neighborhood. Citizens get the daily provisions of their necessary commodities from the retail shops. Buoyed by the steady demand, their retail companies have established their retail chains across their markets. They maintain a steady supply of the retail products to their stores, so that the retail shops are never in dearth of the essential products which are in such high demand among the citizens. All tyhese factors have played a s ignificant part in Tesco Plc’s business. The price elasticity of the retail products and the retail industry in general can be said to be moderate. The various retail products are moderately sensitive to the changes in their respective prices. When one retail company increases the price of its retail products, the consumers always have the option of buying the products from another retail chain store. However, the necessary commodities like the food items sold through the retail stores have low prices elasticities. Customers will continue to buy them, even if their prices are increased. Since the retail companies offer a diverse portfolio of products through their stores, different products are endowed with different price elasticities. Thus, Tesco Plc remains very careful in devising its pricing strategies. Other International Businesses The company has forayed into online retailing services and financial services after evaluating that there was a strong demand for these new services in the international market. Tesco’s international businesses are characterized by a competitive outlook and a continuous endeavor to expand their scale of operations. This strategy has ensured a sound growth in worldwide sales, market shares, revenues and return on capital employed (Tesco Plc, 2011). Adopting Technology to suit Growth Requirements Tesco Plc is focused on expanding its scale of operations in all the aspects related to its businesses. It has

Whirlpool Leadership Approach Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Whirlpool Leadership Approach - Essay Example attracting and retaining talent; the achievement of this target would help to improve the performance of the firm’s finance sector, which is a key part of the organization. In 2006, a strategic plan was introduced for supporting the recruitment and development of talent across the organization, especially in the firm’s finance department; the specific plan was mainly based on the firm’s existing leadership approaches, as explained below. The leadership approach used for increasing the performance of Whirlpool, mostly through the improvement of the organization’s existing strategies for recruiting and retaining talent in the finance department, can be characterized as transformational since it is highly based on the participation of the employees in the successful implementation of the relevant plan (Stadtler, Schmitt, Klarner and Straub 45). The specific approach has been combined with the Six Sigma model, which has helped to focus on the organization’s weaknesses and to cover most severe organizational gaps. One of the most emergent organizational needs that the firm’s leader had to face was the lack of effective strategy for the development and the training of employees in finance department. The organization’s CFO decided to introduce a series of changes ‘focusing on building organizational capabilities, processes, and talent’ (Frigo, Rapp and Templin 30). However, the above strategy would be successful only if it was carefully planned and monitored. In order for the strategy’s success to be secured, the following practice was used: emphasis was given on three different areas, ‘technical capabilities, career development and leadership’ (Frigo, Rapp and Templin 30). Leadership has been considered as the most important part of the relevant project mostly because of the following issue: the successful update of the firm’s existing practices in regard to the recruitment, the development and the retention of talent has been depended, as

Road Not Taken :: essays research papers

â€Å"The Road Not Taken† By: Robert Frost â€Å"The Road Not Taken† is a poem about Robert Frost reflecting on a personal experience. He talks about the time when he had to make a tough decision. With the evidence gathered up, it seems as if he regretted the outcome of his decision and he is curious as to see whether the other choice could have been better or not. This is a very intellectual poem that could leave people in suspense. For a first time reader, you would never be able to tell if Frost actually regretted taking the path he chose, or if he was actually grateful for it. It all depends on how a person reads Frost’s wording. The inspiration for this poem came from his walks with his friend, Edward Thomas, of England. In 1914, when Frost and Thomas lived in Gloucestershire, they frequently took long walks through the countryside. Thomas would choose the path which he thought might show his American friend a rare plant or any kind of special interest. However, by the end of the walk, Thomas would regret the choice he made. He would â€Å"sigh† over his decision because he thought he could have taken the â€Å"better† direction. Frost would always tease Thomas for all those regrets he would have. Frost takes a â€Å"sigh† in the poem. That could really throw people off. Frost might be implying that it was a sigh of relief, or possibly a sigh of regret. He could be completely happy about the path he chose, or he could be regretful for it. This poem could be analyzed in many different ways. From the research I did, I learned that Frost never really told anyone what the â€Å"sigh† at the end of the poem really meant. He said that it was a very tricky poem. This â€Å"sigh† came from those that Thomas would make after their walks through the countryside. When Frost returned to America as a successful discovered poet, he wrote â€Å"The Road Not Taken†. The manuscript copy of the poem was sent to Thomas immediately. Frost’s expectations were that Thomas would notice how the poem pivots ironically on the phrase, â€Å"I shall be telling this with a sigh†. Unfortunately, as it turned out, Frost’s expectations were disappointed. Thoma s didn’t notice the gentle jest because the irony was handled too subtly. If someone thinks in a positive manner, they will realize that is never really a right or wrong choice in your life. Road Not Taken :: essays research papers â€Å"The Road Not Taken† By: Robert Frost â€Å"The Road Not Taken† is a poem about Robert Frost reflecting on a personal experience. He talks about the time when he had to make a tough decision. With the evidence gathered up, it seems as if he regretted the outcome of his decision and he is curious as to see whether the other choice could have been better or not. This is a very intellectual poem that could leave people in suspense. For a first time reader, you would never be able to tell if Frost actually regretted taking the path he chose, or if he was actually grateful for it. It all depends on how a person reads Frost’s wording. The inspiration for this poem came from his walks with his friend, Edward Thomas, of England. In 1914, when Frost and Thomas lived in Gloucestershire, they frequently took long walks through the countryside. Thomas would choose the path which he thought might show his American friend a rare plant or any kind of special interest. However, by the end of the walk, Thomas would regret the choice he made. He would â€Å"sigh† over his decision because he thought he could have taken the â€Å"better† direction. Frost would always tease Thomas for all those regrets he would have. Frost takes a â€Å"sigh† in the poem. That could really throw people off. Frost might be implying that it was a sigh of relief, or possibly a sigh of regret. He could be completely happy about the path he chose, or he could be regretful for it. This poem could be analyzed in many different ways. From the research I did, I learned that Frost never really told anyone what the â€Å"sigh† at the end of the poem really meant. He said that it was a very tricky poem. This â€Å"sigh† came from those that Thomas would make after their walks through the countryside. When Frost returned to America as a successful discovered poet, he wrote â€Å"The Road Not Taken†. The manuscript copy of the poem was sent to Thomas immediately. Frost’s expectations were that Thomas would notice how the poem pivots ironically on the phrase, â€Å"I shall be telling this with a sigh†. Unfortunately, as it turned out, Frost’s expectations were disappointed. Thoma s didn’t notice the gentle jest because the irony was handled too subtly. If someone thinks in a positive manner, they will realize that is never really a right or wrong choice in your life.

Duke of Edinburgh Report

————————————————- Duke of Edinburgh Expedition Report Aim: Observe litter in remote areas and compare with areas accessible by motorised transport Friday Amount of litter: Minor Thoughts: Started our expedition on the top of a hill, near a cafe/ pub which is where we found the litter; a box of beers. Apart from that the route was very difficult to navigate at first because the footpaths were almost non-existent. Furthermore, because of the remote location there was little disruption to the land, grass grew long, wild and marshes were hard to spot. There were few fields for cattle and many times our group had to take bearings because any signs, footprints and the footpath were not visible. This was probably the most physically challenging day as there were many hills and inclines. Photos: Saturday Amount of litter: Moderate Thoughts: When exiting the campsite, there was visible litter on the floor. The route for this day was much easier and accessible than Friday because it was mostly over flat ground and there were very visible and well used paths to walk on. The entire group is skilled at reading a map, compass and taking bearings as we did not get lost once. There was a great amount of teamwork because we constantly checked our position, while taking it in turns to read the map and lead. This made the expedition more enjoyable as it spread responsibility evenly. We found more litter on the side roads, but none on the footpaths. Photos: Sunday Amount of litter: Large Thoughts: Most of this consisted of walking through or around deep mud and fields which contained cattle. This was not enjoyable because there were calves with their mothers; this made them aggressive and slowed our progress. Also we alked through many suburban areas that would be accessible by motorised transport and found lots of litter. In a town we found many bins next to each other, but there was still litter barely 50 meters away. The route this day took us through popular public footpaths, in which we found the most litter. Photos: Summary: Over the course of the expedition, we discovered and concluded that as a remote area becomes more accessible to motorised transpor t, amount of litter in that area increases. This was a very interesting and enjoyable expedition.